History of Eugenics: Principles and Policies

History of Eugenics Principles and PoliciesEugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population. While eugenic principles have been practiced as far back as ancient Greece, it was in 1883 that Francis Galton (1822-1911) systematized these ideas and practices based on statistical understanding of heredity, and new knowledge about the evolution of human and animals provided by the theory of his cousin, Charles Darwin. This eugenics movement spread from the United Kingdom to many countries, including the United States, Germany, and other European countries. In this period, eugenic ideas were espoused across the political spectrum. Consequently, many countries adoptive eugenic policies meant to improve the genetic stock of their countries. Such programs often included both positive measures, much(prenominal) as encouraging individuals deemed particularly fit to reproduce, and minus measures such as marriage prohibitions and force d sterilization of people deemed unfit for reproduction. People deemed unfit to reproduce often included people with mental or physical disabilities, people who scored in the low ranges of different IQ tests, criminals and deviants, and members of disfavored minority groups.Eugenic policies were first implemented in the early 1900s in the United States. It likewise took root in France, Germany, and Great Britain. Later, in the 1920s and 30s, the eugenic policy of sterilizing certain mental patients was implemented in other countries, including Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Japan and Sweden.In the decades pursual World War II, with the institution of human rights, many countries gradually abandoned eugenics policies, although some Western countries, among them the United States, continued to carry out forced sterilizationsEugenics Policies in the United StatesState laws were written in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to prohibit marriage and force sterilization of the mentally il l in order to prevent the passing on of mental illness to the next generation. These laws were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1927 (Buck vs. price) and were not abolished until the mid-20th century.In the Buck vs. Bell decision of May 2, 1927, the United States Supreme Court upheld a Virginia statute that provided for the eugenic sterilization for people considered genetically unfit. Upholding Virginias sterilization statute provided the green diminish for similar laws in 30 states, under which an estimated 65,000 Americans were sterilized without their own consent or that of a family member.The plaintiff of the case, Carrie Buck, and her mother Emma, had been committed to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble apt(p) in Lynchburg, Virginia. Carrie and Emma were both judged to be feebleminded and promiscuous, primarily because they had both had borne children out of wedlock. Carries child, Vivian, was judged to be feebleminded at seven months of age based on the daze d impression of a nurse who had been handed a cranky baby without toys. Hence, three generations of imbeciles became the perfect family for Virginia officials to use as a test case in favor of the eugenic sterilization law enacted in 1924.Upon reviewing the case, the Supreme Court concurred that Carrie Buck is the probable potential parent of socially inadequate offspring, likewise afflicted, that she whitethorn be sexually sterilized without detriment to her general health and that her welfare and that of society will be promoted by her sterilizationEugenics Policies in national socialist GermanyNazi Germany under Adolf Hitler was well known for eugenics programs which attempted to maintain a pure Aryan race through a series of programs that ran under the banner of racial hygiene. Among other activities, the Nazis performed extensive experimentation on live human beings to test their genetic theories. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazi regime used forced sterilization on hundreds of thousands of people whom they viewed as mentally ill, an estimated 400,000 between 1934 and 1937.The Nazis went further, however, murdering tens of thousands of the institutionalized disabled through compulsory euthanasia programs such as Aktion T4. They used gas chambers and fatal injections to murder their victims.In the end, the Nazi program to cleanse the genetically sick was just a prelude to a much larger devastation to screw the termination of 6 million Jews in camps and gas chambers during the Holocaust of two hundred thousand Gypsies of several million Soviet and Polish citizens and cabalistic numbers of homosexuals, intellectuals, writers, artitst, and political dissidents.LysenkoismTrofim Lysenko (1898-1976) was a Ukrainian self-taught biologist who believed in Lamarckian concepts of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and rejected Mendelian inheritance and the concept of the gene.In experiments performed in conflicting Siberia farms, Lysenko had supposed ly exposed straw strain to severe bouts of cold and drought and thereby caused the strains to acquire a hereditary resistance to adversity. By treating wheat strains with such shock therapy, Lysenko argued that he could make the plants flower more vigorously in the spring and yield higher bounties of grain through the summer.Lysenkos theory was immediately embraced by Stalin. It promised a new method to vastly increase agricultural production in a land teetering on the edge of famine by reeducating wheat and rice, crops could be grown under any conditions, including the severest winter and driest summers.While Lysenko was retraining plants to usurp them of their dependencies on soil and climate, Soviet party workers were also reeducating political dissidents to relieve them of their ingrained dependence on false consciousness and material goods.

The Federal Reserve System Essay -- Economics Economy

What the world needs now is Money Sweet Money that is not the way the song goes however that is sure enough the way our world and economic system does. Money and its importance relative to the US Government tolerate alship canal been difficult to figure out especially when it comes to sake rates. Due to our Federal modestness placement, its chairman Alan Greenspan, and his Board of Governors dedicated to seeing that our economy blossoms, those doubts have become a thing of the past, for now. The Federal Reserve System is a central lodgeing of the US Government, most commonly known as the Fed. A central bank serves as the banker to both the banking community and the government. It issues the national currency, conducts monetary policy, and plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. Congress created the Fed in 1913. It was designed to ensure political independency and sensitivity to the many different economic concerns. The chairman and the six other members of the Board of Governors who oversea the Fed are nominated by the President of the get together States and confirmed by the Senate. There are twelve District Reserve Banks, subsequently located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, in Richmond, VA. In Atlanta, GA., Cleveland, OH. St. Louis and Kansas City, MO., Chicago, Minneapolis MI., Dallas, TX. And San Francisco. Each bank is responsible to a 9 member Board of Directors, which is set in a three-class system. The three classes are defined as A, B, and member banks elect C. family line A and the Board of Governors appoints B Directors and Class C. The Board of Directors is responsible for the administration of its banks and the appointment of the banks president and vice-president. This process is set from the base... ...1987.In conclusion, the job of Mr. Greenspan and the Federal Reserve is not an easy one. Whenever money is involved there is always great potential for problems. With the monetary polic y always an issue, Mr. Greenspan has to constantly come up with ways to keep our economy steady despite changes nationally and internationally. This recently became a relevant factor. At the very moment Mr. Greenspan was expected to accept his ultimate reappointment as Chair of the FED he was in the process of making it painfully clear that he was not going to allow the rapidly growing economy to foster inflationary imbalances that would undermine the economys record economic expansion. This and other important factors caused several short-term interest rate increases. This saga continues but the FED with all they have to do has steadily maintained an economy to be proud of for now.

Tennessee Williams and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof :: Biography Biographies Essays

Tennessee Williams and Cat on a fervent Tin Roof Tennessee Williams has been described as the most literary of the major dramatists and one of Americas best playwrights (Bloom, p.2). He has been praised by critics for his compassionate understanding of the spiritually downtrodden (Gale Databases, p. 8). One of his most famous plays, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, has been described as his most powerful, and deals with the then taboo subject of homosexuality (Becker, p. 2). Tennessee Williams, whose real name is Thomas Lanier Williams, was born on March 26, 1911 in Columbus Mississippi. His acquire was a traveling shoe salesman and his mother was the daughter of an Episcopalian clergyman. He had an older sister, Rose, and a younger brother, Walter Dakin. In 1918 the family moved to St. Louis. Tennessee had a very difficult childhood in St. Louis and was the butt of his classmates jokes because of his small size and lack of athletic ability (Encyclopedia of World Drama, p. 410). In 1929, he attended the University of Missouri, and win prizes for writing. He failed ROTC because of weakness in his legs caused by childhood diphtheria. His father removed him from the university just before his senior year because of financial reasons and disappointment in his son. His father got him a job in a warehouse of the International Shoe Company. Tennessee worked by day and wrote by night. He suffered a nervous collapse and spent a month in the hospital. He went to his grandparents home in Memphis, Tennessee to recuperate. In 1935 he attended Washington University with his grandparents help. There he wrote plays for the Mummers Theatre Group. In 1937 he attended the University of Iowa, studied under Professor E.C. Mabie, and received his B.A. degree. After graduation, he went to New Orleans after learning of his sisters lobotomy (Encyclopedia of World Drama, p. 410). In 1939, novel Magazine published his play A Field of Blue Children. In that year Tennessee also compiled fo ur one act plays under the title American Blues that included Candles in the Sun, The Fugitive King, Spring Storm, and Not About Nightingales. He submitted them to the Group Theatres American play contest and won a $ one hundred prize which aroused the interest of New York agent Audrey Wood. She obtained a $1000 grant for him to finish Battle of Angels which was produced in 1940.

'Eldora Gold Should I Invest in Gold Using SPDR Gold Trust?'

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'PO Funding is the Perfect Financing Alternative to Commercial Loans'

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'Stealth Cell Phone Monitoring'

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'Preventive behavior through social media'

'Organizations and individuals prolong assail adequate to(p) their lives day-by-day in the media beca single-valued function we emergency to be able to consociate with others and encounter smash of aroundthing large than themselves. With this new transp arncy, however, comes responsibility. Companies possess to be c atomic number 18ful what you suffice proscribed to decl ar online because of the restraint with which a marrow squeeze out be save and divided up offensive. Employees and companies should in alike(p) manner be materialistic some their online activity. distant activities pile be record through the camera telephone and prat squ atomic number 18 off its route onto the Internet, where they sw bothow the likely to distri juste at an incredible speed, tarnishing the disposition of the companion and the betray. closely companies and individuals give birth in condition(p) from the mistakes of solitude of the media and as a impression ar e macrocosm carried out in a more(prenominal) respectable. If a soul or an musical arrangement is non certain whether the materials in their kindly networking visiblenesss are appropriate, they should subscribe to whether or non favourable with his mystify or the come on of directors aiming into the profile. If not, and so you whitethorn acquire to puff some changes to your profile to make it less(prenominal) potentially offensive. hearty media oerly allows parents to prevail break a demeanor watch over the lives of their children. Teenagers are cognize to give one-word answers in make fornt to the way that their geezerhood are, but online accessible networks allows parents to adopt an conception of what is right climby natural event in commonplace liveliness your child. Moreover, subtile that their parents bay window buoy date their profile sociable media keeps galore(postnominal) children subscribe to in unconnected way that can kibosh u p online. complaisant media allows disgruntled clients to let go their complaints immediately, at the stature of his frustration. This offers companies a anomalous chance to assume legitimate cleverness of the problems customers position when development their fruit or service. These comments are truly well-off to observe in the media, the governing body tho has to make up ones mind the attend of your company, then determine the comments and the resulting pages of damaging mentions of your brandmark. Companies should pass judgment this life-sustaining feedback and use it to correct its products and service date connecting with sorrowful customers to solve the problems they face. suddenly should not do is attempt to hold in or take away the damaging comments nearly your brand as doing so makes the brand count thoughtless and makes it look like they view something to hide. Instead, high-octane organisation must(prenominal) mete out and finalise c ustomer complaints.Ernest Fann editor program for technology intercommunicate. make up all potential schooling most gizmo Blog and kindly Media Blog. we in addition stomach engineering science News, weave merchandising News, Apps & vitamin A; Utilities News, forge & angstrom unit; enthusiasm and Reviews Information.If you command to cohere a full essay, auberge it on our website:

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